3 ^{Introduction to basic}

immunology and

vaccine design

Alaka Mullick

National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, Quebec,

Canada

Shantoshini Dash

Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group,

Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal,

Canada

CONTENTS

3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................36

3.2 Innate Immune System...................................................................................37

3.2.1 Pattern Recognition Receptors...........................................................37

3.2.2 Cytokines and Chemokines................................................................38

3.2.3 Cells of the Innate Immune System ..................................................38

3.2.3.1 Phagocytes ...........................................................................39

3.2.3.2 Natural Killer Cells .............................................................40

3.3 The Adaptive Immune System ......................................................................40

3.3.1 Humoral Response .............................................................................41

3.3.1.1 B-Cells .................................................................................41

3.3.1.2 Immunoglobulin/Antibodies................................................42

3.3.1.3 Antigens and Epitopes.........................................................44

3.3.1.4 Antibody Effector Functions...............................................44

3.3.2 Cell-Mediated Response.....................................................................46

3.3.2.1 T-Cell Recognition ..............................................................46

3.3.2.2 Helper T-Cells .....................................................................46

3.3.2.3 Cytotoxic T-Cells ................................................................47

3.4 Vaccines..........................................................................................................47

3.4.1 Vaccine Design...................................................................................49

3.4.2 Live Attenuated Virus........................................................................51

3.4.3 Inactivated Virus ................................................................................51

3.4.4 Subunit Vaccine .................................................................................51

3.4.5 DNA Vaccine .....................................................................................52

DOI: 10.1201/9781003229797-3

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